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A.2 Concepts

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Appendix A. Glossary A.2 Concepts A.2.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution Three terms often confused are accuracy, precision, and resolution. Accuracy is a measure of the correctness of a single measurement, or the group of measurements in the aggregate. Precision is a measure of the repeatability of a group of measurements. Resolution is a measure of the fineness of a measurement. Together, the three define how well a data acquisition system performs. To understand how the three relate to each other, consider "target practice" as an analogy. FIGURE. Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution (p. 13) shows four targets. The bull's eye on each target represents the absolute correct measurement. Each shot represents an attempt to make the measurement. The diameter of the projectile represents resolution. Figure 53: Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution The objective of a data acquisition system should be high accuracy, high precision, and to produce data with resolution as high as appropriate for a given application. 13

Section	Page
Revision and Copyright Information	1
Limited Warranty	3
Assistance	4
Precautions	5
Table of Contents	7
Section 1. Introduction	15
1.1 CR200(X) series Datalogger Models	15
Section 2. Quickstart Tutorial	17
2.1 Primer - CR200(X) Data Acquisition	17
2.1.1 Components of a Data Acquisition System	17
2.1.1.1 How Programmed Instructions Are Evaluated	17
2.1.1.2 Sensors	17
2.1.1.3 Datalogger	18
2.1.1.4 Data Retrieval	18
2.1.2 CR200(X) Mounting	18
2.1.3 Wiring Panel	18
2.1.4 Battery Backup	19
2.1.5 Power Supply	19
2.1.6 Antenna	19
2.1.7 Analog Sensors	20
2.1.8 Bridge Sensors	20
2.1.8.1 Voltage Excitation	20
2.1.9 Pulse Sensors	21
2.1.10 Digital I/O Ports	22
2.1.11 RS-232 Sensors	23
2.2 Hands-on Exercise - Measuring Temperature	24
2.2.1 Hardware Setup	25
2.2.2 Configuration	25
2.2.3 PC200W Software Setup	25
2.2.3.1 Programming With Short Cut	27
2.2.3.1.1 Short Cut Programming Objectives	27
2.2.3.1.2 Procedure (Short Cut Steps 1–6)	27
2.2.3.1.3 Procedure (Short Cut Steps 7–9)	28
2.2.3.1.4 Procedure (Short Cut Step 10)	29
2.2.3.1.5 Procedure (Short Cut Step 11)	29
2.2.3.1.6 Procedure (Short Cut Steps 12 –18)	30
2.2.3.1.7 Procedure (Short Cut Step 19)	31
2.2.3.1.8 Procedure (Short Cut Step 20)	31
2.2.3.2 Programming the CR200(X) and Collecting Data	32
2.2.3.2.1 Procedure (PC200W Step 1)	32
2.2.3.2.2 Procedure (PC200W Steps 2–4)	32
2.2.3.2.3 Procedure (PC200W Step 5)	33
2.2.3.2.4 Procedure (PC200W Step 6)	33
2.2.3.2.5 Procedure (PC200W Steps 7–9)	34
2.2.3.2.6 Procedure (PC200W Step 10)	35
2.2.3.2.7 Procedure (PC200W Step 11)	35
2.2.3.2.8 Procedure (PC200W Step 12)	35
Section 3. Overview	37
3.1 CR200(X) Overview	37
3.1.1 Programmed Instructions Are Evaluated Sequentially	38
3.1.2 Sensor Support	39
3.1.3 Input / Output Interface: The Wiring Panel	39
3.1.3.1 Measurement Inputs	39
3.1.3.2 Voltage Outputs	41
3.1.3.3 Grounding Terminals	41
3.1.3.4 Power Terminals	42
3.1.3.5 Communications Ports	42
3.1.4 Power Requirements	43
3.1.5 Programming: Firmware and User Programs	43
3.1.5.1 Firmware: OS and Settings	44
3.1.5.2 User Programming	44
3.1.6 Memory and Data Storage	44
3.1.7 Communications Overview	45
3.1.7.1 PakBus	45
3.1.7.2 Modbus	46
3.1.8 Maintenance Overview	46
3.1.8.1 Protection from Water	46
3.1.8.2 Protection from Voltage Transients	47
3.1.8.3 Calibration	47
3.1.8.4 Replacing the Internal Battery	47
3.2 PC Support Software	48
3.3 Specifications	49
Section 4. Sensor Support	51
4.1 Powering Sensors	51
4.1.1 Switched Precision	51
4.1.2 Continuous Unregulated (Nominal 12 Volt)	51
4.1.3 Switched Unregulated (Nominal 12 Volt)	52
4.2 Voltage Measurement	52
4.2.1 Measurement Sequence	52
4.2.2 Measurement Accuracy	52
4.2.3 Voltage Range	54
4.2.4 Integration	54
4.2.5 Self-Calibration	55
4.3 Bridge Resistance Measurements	55
4.3.1 Measurements Requiring AC Excitation	56
4.4 Pulse Count Measurement	56
4.4.1 Pulse input Channels	57
4.4.1.1 Pulse Input (P_SW)	58
4.4.1.2 Low-Level AC (P_LL)	59
4.4.2 Pulse Input on Digital I/O Channels C1–C2	59
4.5 Period Averaging Measurements	59
4.6 SDI-12 Recording	60
4.7 Cabling Effects on Measurements	60
4.7.1 Analog Sensor Cables	60
4.7.2 Pulse Sensors	60
4.7.3 Serial Sensors	61
4.7.3.1 SDI-12 Sensors	61
Section 5. Measurement and Control Peripherals	63
5.1 Control Output	63
5.1.1 Binary Control	63
5.1.1.1 Digital I/O Ports	63
5.1.1.2 Switched 12 V Control	64
5.1.1.3 Relays and Relay Drivers	64
5.1.1.4 Component Built Relays	64
5.2 Other Peripherals	65
5.2.1 TIMs	65
Section 6. CR200(X) Power Supply	67
6.1 Power Requirement	67
6.2 Calculating Power Consumption	67
6.3 Power Supplies	67
6.3.1 Battery Connection	67
Section 7. Grounding	69
7.1 ESD Protection	69
7.1.1 Lightning Protection	70
7.2 Single-Ended Measurement Reference	71
Section 8. CR200(X) Configuration	73
8.1 DevConfig	73
8.2 Sending the Operating System	74
8.2.1 Sending OS with DevConfig	74
8.3 Settings	76
8.3.1 Settings via DevConfig	76
8.3.1.1 Deployment Tab	78
8.3.1.2 Logger Control Tab	79
8.3.2 Settings via CRBASIC	80
8.3.3 Settings via Terminal Emulator	80
8.3.4 Durable Settings	81
Section 9. Programming	83
9.1 Inserting Comments into Program	83
9.2 Sending Programs	83
9.3 Writing Programs	83
9.3.1 Short Cut Editor and Program Generator	84
9.3.2 CRBASIC Editor	84
9.4 Numerical Formats	85
9.5 Structure	86
9.6 Declarations I - Single-line Declarations	87
9.6.1 Variables	87
9.6.1.1 Arrays	88
9.6.1.2 Dimensions	89
9.6.1.3 Data Types	89
9.6.1.4 Flags	89
9.6.2 Constants	90
9.6.2.1 Predefined Constants	90
9.6.3 Alias and Unit Declarations	91
9.7 Declarations II - Declared Sequences	91
9.7.1 Data Tables	91
9.7.1.1 DataTable () and EndTable () Instructions	94
9.7.1.2 DataInterval () Instruction	95
9.7.1.3 Output Processing Instructions	95
9.7.2 Subroutines	97
9.8 Program Execution Timing	97
9.9 Instructions	98
9.9.1 Measurement and Data Storage Processing	98
9.9.2 Parameter Types	99
9.9.3 Names in Parameters	99
9.9.4 Expressions in Parameters	100
9.9.5 Arrays of Multipliers and Offsets	100
9.10 Expressions	101
9.10.1 Floating Point Arithmetic	101
9.10.2 Mathematical Operations	101
9.10.3 Logical Expressions	102
9.11 Program Access to Data Tables	104
Section 10. CRBASIC Programming Instructions	107
10.1 Program Declarations	107
10.1.1 Variable Declarations & Modifiers	107
10.1.2 Constant Declarations	107
10.2 Data Table Declarations	108
10.2.1 Data Table Modifiers	108
10.2.2 Data Storage Output Processing	108
10.2.2.1 Single-Source	108
10.2.2.2 Multiple-Source	109
10.3 Single Execution at Compile	109
10.4 Program Control Instructions	110
10.4.1 Common Controls	110
10.5 Measurement Instructions	112
10.5.1 Diagnostics	112
10.5.2 Voltage	112
10.5.3 Pulse	112
10.5.4 Digital I/O	113
10.5.5 SDI-12	113
10.6 Processing and Math Instructions	114
10.6.1 Mathematical Operators	114
10.6.2 Logical Operators	114
10.6.3 Trigonometric Functions	115
10.6.3.1 Derived Functions	115
10.6.3.2 Intrinsic Functions	115
10.6.4 Arithmetic Functions	116
10.6.5 Spatial Processing	117
10.6.6 Other Functions	118
10.7 Clock Functions	118
10.8 Serial Input / Output	119
10.9 Peer-to-Peer PakBus Communications	119
10.10 Data Table Access and Management	120
10.11 SCADA	121
10.12 Satellite Systems Programming	122
10.12.1 GOES	122
Section 11. Programming Resource Library	123
11.1 Remote Sensor Interface	123
11.2 Radio Power Minimization	124
11.3 Multiple Switch Closure Measurements	126
11.4 SDI-12 Sensor Support	126
11.4.1 SDI-12 Command Basics	126
11.4.1.1 Addressing	128
11.4.1.1.1 Address Query Command (?!)	128
11.4.1.1.2 Change Address Command (aAb!)	128
11.4.1.1.3 Send Identification Command (aI!)	128
11.4.1.2 Start Measurement Commands (aM! & aC!)	128
11.4.1.2.1 Start Measurement Command (aMv!)	129
11.4.1.2.2 Start Concurrent Measurement Command (aC!)	129
11.4.1.2.3 Aborting a Measurement Command	129
11.4.1.3 Send Data Commands (aDv! & aRv!)	129
11.4.1.3.1 Send Data Command (aDv!)	129
11.4.1.3.2 Continuous Measurements Command (aRv!)	130
11.4.2 SDI-12 Communications	130
11.4.2.1 SDI-12 Transparent Mode	130
11.4.2.2 SDI-12 Programmed Mode	131
11.4.3 SDI-12 Power Considerations	132
11.5 Wind Vector	134
11.5.1 OutputOpt Parameters	134
11.5.2 Wind Vector Processing	134
11.5.2.1 Measured Raw Data	135
11.5.2.2 Calculations	135
11.5.2.2.1 Input Sample Vectors	135
11.5.2.2.2 Mean Wind Vector	137
11.6 TrigVar and DisableVar - Controlling Data Output and Output Processing	139
11.7 Multiple Data Intervals in Data Tables	140
Section 12. Memory and Data Storage	143
12.1 Data Storage	143
12.1.1 Data Table Storage	143
12.2 Memory Conservation	144
12.3 Memory Reset	144
12.3.1 Full Memory Reset	144
12.3.2 Program Send Reset	144
12.3.3 Manual Data Table Reset	144
Section 13. Telecommunications and Data Retrieval	145
13.1 Hardware and Carrier Signal	145
13.2 Protocols	146
13.3 Initiating Telecommunications	146
13.4 Data Retrieval	146
13.4.1 Via Telecommunications	146
13.4.2 Data Format on Computer	146
Section 14. PakBus Overview	147
14.1 PakBus Addresses	147
14.2 Nodes: Leaf Nodes and Routers	147
14.3 Router and Leaf Node Configuration	148
14.4 Linking Nodes: Neighbor Discovery	148
14.4.1 Hello-message (two-way exchange)	149
14.4.2 Beacon (one-way broadcast)	149
14.4.3 Hello-request (one-way broadcast)	149
14.4.4 Neighbor Lists	149
14.4.5 Adjusting Links	149
14.4.6 Maintaining Links	150
14.5 Troubleshooting	150
14.5.1 Link Integrity	150
14.5.1.1 Automatic Packet Size Adjustment	151
14.5.2 Ping	151
14.5.3 Traffic Flow	152
14.6 LoggerNet Device Map Configuration	152
Section 15. Alternate Telecoms Resource Library	153
15.1 Modbus	153
15.1.1 Overview	153
15.1.2 Terminology	153
15.1.2.1 Glossary of Terms	154
15.1.3 Programming for Modbus	154
15.1.3.1 Declarations	154
15.1.3.2 CRBASIC Instructions - Modbus	155
15.1.3.3 Addressing (ModbusAddr)	155
15.1.3.4 Supported Function Codes (Function)	155
15.1.3.5 Reading Inverse Format Registers	156
15.1.4 Troubleshooting	156
Section 16. Support Software	157
16.1 Short Cut	157
16.2 PC200W	157
16.3 Visual Weather	157
16.4 PC400	158
16.5 RTDAQ	158
16.6 LoggerNet Suite	158
16.7 PDA Software	159
16.8 Network Planner	159
Section 17. Care and Maintenance	161
17.1 Temperature Range	161
17.2 Moisture Protection	161
17.3 Enclosures	161
17.4 Replacing the Internal Battery	162
Section 18. Troubleshooting	165
18.1 Programming	165
18.1.1.1 Status Table as Debug Resource	165
18.1.1.2 SkippedScan	165
18.1.1.3 VarOutOfBounds	165
18.1.1.4 WatchdogErrors	165
18.1.1.5 TrapCode	166
18.1.1.6 Compile and Download Errors	166
18.1.2 NAN and ±INF	167
18.1.2.1 Measurements and NAN	167
18.1.2.1.1 Voltage Measurements	167
18.1.2.1.2 SDI-12 Measurements	167
18.1.2.2 Floating Point Math, NAN, and ±INF	167
18.2 Communications	168
18.2.1 RS-232	168
18.2.2 Communicating with Multiple PC Programs	168
18.3 Power Supply	169
18.3.1 Overview	169
18.3.2 Troubleshooting at a Glance	169
18.3.3 Diagnosis and Fix Procedures	170
18.3.3.1 Battery Voltage Test	170
18.3.3.2 Charging Circuit Test - Solar Panel	171
18.3.3.3 Charging Circuit Test - Transformer	172
18.3.3.4 Adjusting Charging Circuit Voltage	173
Appendix A. Glossary	175
A.1 Terms	175
A.2 Concepts	187
A.2.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution	187
Appendix B. Status Table and Settings	189
Appendix C. Serial Port Pin Outs	195
C.1 RS-232 Communications Port	195
C.1.1 Pin-Out	195
Appendix D. ASCII / ANSI Table	197
Appendix E. Antenna Usage and Compliance	201
E.1 Use of Antenna with CR200(X)	201
E.2 Part 15 FCC Compliance Warning	201
E.2.1 Use of Approved Antennas	202
Index	203